{"id":25,"date":"2020-10-20T10:26:07","date_gmt":"2020-10-20T07:26:07","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.farklarsozlugu.com\/2018\/05\/03\/apple-hisseleri-deger-kaybetti\/"},"modified":"2020-12-14T18:38:02","modified_gmt":"2020-12-14T15:38:02","slug":"evrimin-iki-babasi-buffon-ve-darwin","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.farklarsozlugu.com\/index.php\/2020\/10\/20\/evrimin-iki-babasi-buffon-ve-darwin\/","title":{"rendered":"Evrimin \u0130ki Babas\u0131: Buffon vs Darwin"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"attachment_793\" style=\"width: 210px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-793\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-793\" src=\"http:\/\/www.farklarsozlugu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/darwin-removebg-preview.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"274\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-793\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Darwin<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Bu yaz\u0131m\u0131zda evrim teorisinin geli\u015fimine y\u00f6n veren iki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u00fcn g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131na yer veriyoruz. Darwin ve Darwin \u00fczerinde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir tesire sahip olan Buffon\u2019u ele al\u0131yoruz.<\/p>\n<p>Evrim tarihi Darwin\u2019le bitmedi\u011fi gibi elbette Darwin\u2019le ba\u015flamad\u0131. Linnaues, Buffon, Lamarck, Erasmus gibi pek \u00e7ok biyolog bu konu \u00fczerinde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f ve \u00e7e\u015fitli ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Her ne kadar Darwin son s\u00f6z\u00fc s\u00f6ylemi\u015f, tam sistemli ve di\u011ferlerinden farkl\u0131 \u015fekilde teorinin ayaklar\u0131n\u0131n yere basmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015fsa da seleflerinin de hat\u0131r\u0131 say\u0131l\u0131r bir eme\u011fi s\u00f6z konusudur.<\/p>\n<p>Buffon, evrim meselesine ilk kafa yoran ve biyoloji tarihinde canl\u0131 taksonomisini ilk defa haz\u0131rlayan Linnaeus\u2019un \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f\u0131d\u0131r. Yan\u0131 zamanda do\u011fmu\u015f fakat Linnaeus\u2019tan biraz daha uzun ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Darwin ise \u00fcnl\u00fc biyolog Erasmus Darwin\u2019in torunudur. Dedesinin yazd\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 okumu\u015f ve onun ki\u015fisel k\u00fct\u00fcphanesinden faydalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu anlamda Darwin\u2019in teorisini nevzuhur bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce olarak g\u00f6rmek, adeta g\u00f6kten inmi\u015f gibi telakki etmek yanl\u0131\u015f olacakt\u0131r. Ki Darwin\u2019le ayn\u0131 zamanda bu teoriyi ke\u015ffeden Alfred Russel Wallace\u2019\u0131n durumunu anlamak da b\u00f6ylece daha kolay olacakt\u0131r. Zira Wallace, Darwin\u2019den pek fark\u0131 olmayan evrim teorisini onunla ayn\u0131 zamanda ortaya koymu\u015f sadece akademik d\u00fcnyaya sunmakta biraz gecikmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p>Buffon\u2019un genel g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc t\u00fcrler aras\u0131nda bir ge\u00e7i\u015fin oldu\u011funa dayan\u0131r. Kat\u0131r nas\u0131l ki iki farkl\u0131 hayvan t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn mahsul\u00fc ise t\u00fcm varl\u0131klar buna benzer bir evrimle v\u00fccut bulmu\u015flard\u0131r. Hemen belirtmek gerekir Buffon\u2019un \u00fcretken bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr olmas\u0131 zaman i\u00e7erisinde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerinin farkl\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcrler aras\u0131 ge\u00e7i\u015f ve evrim Buffon\u2019un bu konudaki son g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcd\u00fcr. Darwin de bu konuda Buffon\u2019la ayn\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi payla\u015f\u0131r. Tek fark \u015fudur; Buffon, bu evrimle eski t\u00fcrlerin yok oldu\u011funu ve yeni t\u00fcrlerin meydana geldi\u011fini iddia eder. Yani \u015fu an mevcut bulunan \u00e7ekirgelerin b\u00fcy\u00fck atalar\u0131 varl\u0131k sahnesinden \u00e7ekilmi\u015ftir. Yerine bug\u00fcnk\u00fc yeni \u00e7ekirge t\u00fcrleri gelmi\u015ftir. Darwin bunu kabul etmez. B\u00fcy\u00fck atalar\u0131n yok olmas\u0131n\u0131n gerekli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yler. \u00d6rne\u011fin; insan maymundan geliyorsa, insan formunun var olabilmesi i\u00e7in maymunlar\u0131n yok olmas\u0131 icap etmez. \u0130kisi de ya\u015famaya devam edebilir.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_794\" style=\"width: 212px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-794\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-794 size-medium\" src=\"http:\/\/www.farklarsozlugu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/Buffon_1707-1788-removebg-preview-202x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"202\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.farklarsozlugu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/Buffon_1707-1788-removebg-preview-202x300.png 202w, https:\/\/www.farklarsozlugu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/Buffon_1707-1788-removebg-preview.png 410w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 202px) 100vw, 202px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-794\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Buffon<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Buffon, ilk ba\u015flarda \u201ct\u00fcr\u201d denilen kavram\u0131n fiziksel bir kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sadece zihinsel bir t\u00f6z oldu\u011funu iddia ederken, sonralar\u0131 bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. T\u00fcr\u00fcn de fiziksel bir kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Ki bu konuda Darwin\u2019den farkl\u0131 bir \u015fey s\u00f6ylemedi\u011fini ifade edebiliriz.<\/p>\n<p>Buffon, evrim d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesine teolojik bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 da kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Evrimi tanr\u0131sal bir kayra ile izah etmi\u015ftir. Mesela, z\u00fcrafalar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck atalar\u0131 k\u0131sa boyunluyken zamanla daha uzun boyunlu bir forma evirilmi\u015flerdir. Boyunlar\u0131n\u0131n uzamas\u0131 her ne kadar \u00e7evresel etkenlerle ilgiliyse de -yani a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131n y\u00fcksek dallar\u0131ndaki yapraklar\u0131 yemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak gibi- uzama g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc z\u00fcrafaya bah\u015feden tanr\u0131d\u0131r. Darwin\u2019in bu konudaki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc farkl\u0131d\u0131r. Z\u00fcrafalar\u0131n boyunlar\u0131 y\u00fcksek dallara ula\u015fmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken uzamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Atalar\u0131n\u0131n genlerindeki mutasyonla ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. \u0130ki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn neticesi ayn\u0131 olsa da Darwin yine Buffon\u2019dan ayr\u0131larak tanr\u0131y\u0131 yani teolojik g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc bu konunun i\u00e7erisine sokmaz. \u00dcstelik bir papaz eskisi olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen.<\/p>\n<p>Buffon\u2019un ilgi alanlar\u0131 geni\u015ftir. Biyolojinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra kozmogoni ve fizikle de ilgilenir. Newton\u2019\u0131n etkisinde g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini serdeder. Darwin ise biyoloji d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda sadece teoloji ile u\u011fra\u015f\u0131r. Zaman i\u00e7erisinde \u00fc\u00e7 \u00e7ocu\u011funu kaybetmesini de g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurursak deizim, teodise ve tanr\u0131n\u0131n fiilleriyle yak\u0131ndan ilgilenmesini daha iyi anlayabiliriz. Ve bu anlamda bir t\u00fcr din felsefesi yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da iddia edebiliriz.<\/p>\n<p>Son olarak canl\u0131lar\u0131n tek h\u00fccreli bir atadan t\u00fcredi\u011fi fikrinin babas\u0131 Buffon\u2019dur. Fakat bu baba \u00e7ocu\u011funu \u00f6ld\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in d\u00fcnyaya getirmi\u015ftir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc tek h\u00fccreli atadan gelme fikri Buffon\u2019un nazar\u0131nda \u00fc\u00e7 boyutlu bir problem te\u015fkil eder. Bu sebeple neden tek h\u00fccreli bir atadan varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n do\u011famayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ele\u015ftirerek \u00e7\u00f6pe atar. Darwin\u2019in seleflerinden en b\u00fcy\u00fck fark\u0131 da budur. O tek h\u00fccreli atadan gelme fikrine s\u0131k\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131ya tutunur. Ve bug\u00fcn \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f genbilimin de geli\u015fmesiyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kacak olan kapsaml\u0131 evrim teorisine \u00f6n ayak olur.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Bu yaz\u0131m\u0131zda evrim teorisinin geli\u015fimine y\u00f6n veren iki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u00fcn g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131na yer veriyoruz. Darwin ve Darwin \u00fczerinde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir tesire sahip olan Buffon\u2019u ele al\u0131yoruz. Evrim tarihi Darwin\u2019le bitmedi\u011fi gibi elbette Darwin\u2019le ba\u015flamad\u0131. Linnaues, Buffon, Lamarck, Erasmus gibi pek \u00e7ok biyolog bu konu \u00fczerinde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f ve \u00e7e\u015fitli ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Her ne kadar Darwin son s\u00f6z\u00fc [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":792,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[10],"tags":[528,339,340,338,337,336,581],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.farklarsozlugu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.farklarsozlugu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.farklarsozlugu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.farklarsozlugu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.farklarsozlugu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=25"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.farklarsozlugu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":800,"href":"https:\/\/www.farklarsozlugu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25\/revisions\/800"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.farklarsozlugu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/792"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.farklarsozlugu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=25"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.farklarsozlugu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=25"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.farklarsozlugu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=25"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}